In this paper, bamboo fibers were utilized in synthesizing the cellulose carbamate (CC) together with urea for the first time. This paper explored the impact of a serious of factors on Nitrogen content of CC, including the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution used for activating, activation time, aging time, urea socking time, the concentration of urea solution, reaction time and reaction temperatures. Moreover, the analysis and characterizations of CC with different nitrogen contents were conducted by using FTIR, DSC, XRD and SEM. The result indicates that CC was generated as the cellulose reacted with urea, and the crystalline form of cellulose has changed after the esterification reaction. The surface morphology of fibers became wrinkle and rough after the reaction, thereby improving its solubility.