Pitfalls of assays devoted to evaluation of oxidative stress induced by inorganic nanoparticles

Abstract

During the last years, there has been a remarkable increase in the use of inorganic nanoparticles (NP) in different applications, including consumer and medical products. Despite these promising applications, the extremely small size of NP allows them to penetrate cells, in which they can interact with intracellular structures causing serious side effects. A number of studies showed that NP cause adverse effects predominantly via induction of an oxidative stress - an imbalance between damaging oxidants and protective antioxidants - resulting in inflammation, immune response, cell damages, genotoxicity, etc … Most of the in vitro methods used for measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers were designed and standardized for conventional organic, inorganic and biochemical compounds. More recently, these methods have been adapted to studies related to various nanomaterials. Thus, this review is an attempt to highlight some current methods employed in and to provide a critical analysis of the major challenges and issues faced in this emerging field.

Keywords: (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical; 2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical; 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide; 2-(4-iodo-phenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium monosodium salt; 2-[4-iodophenyl]-3-[4-nitrophenyl]-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride; 2′7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein; 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide; 5,5′-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid; 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester; 8-OH-dG; 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; ABTS(+); Abiotic and cellular assays; CM-H(2)DCF-DA; CNT; DCF; DMPO; DPPH(); DTNB; ELISA; EMSA; ESR; Eh; FISH; FPG; GM-CSF; GSH; H(2)DCF-DA; IL; INT; Inorganic nanoparticles; LDH; LSPR; MDA; MTT; MWCNT; NADPH oxidase; NDA; NF-κB; NOX; NP; Nanoparticle interference; Nanoparticle physicochemical properties; OPA; Oxidative stress assays; Pitfalls; QD; RNS; ROS; RT-PCR; TBA; TGF-ß; TNF-α; WST-1; XTT; carbon nanotube; electron spin resonance; electrophoretic mobility shift assay; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; fluorescence in situ hybridization; formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; interleukin; lactate dehydrogenase; localized surface plasmon resonance; malonyldialdehyde; multi-walled CNT; nanoparticle; naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde; nuclear factor kappa B; ortho-phthaldialdehyde; quantum dot; reactive nitrogen species; reactive oxygen species; reduced glutathione; reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; standard redox potential; thiobarbituric assay; transforming growth factor beta; tumor necrosis factor-alpha.