Comparison between magnetic and non magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes-dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of sulfonamide antibiotics in water samples

Abstract

In this manuscript, a new method based on the use of off-line dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection was developed to determine 11 sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, sulfadimidin, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfadoxine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole and sulfadimethoxine) in mineral waters with different mineral content. For this purpose, pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and magnetic-MWCNTs (m-MWCNTs) were used as sorbents. Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by means of a solvothermal process, assembled onto CNTs through an "aggregation wrap" mechanism and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Parameters affecting the extraction such as volume and pH of the sample, amount of sorbent and type and volume of eluent were optimized. Once optimum extraction conditions (250 mL of water at pH 6.0 and elution with 25 mL of MeOH) were obtained, the extraction efficiency of the different carbon nanomaterials was compared. Results demonstrated the higher extraction capacity of pristine MWCNTs with recoveries between 61 and 110% (except for sulfacetamide which ranged between 40 and 53%) and between 22 and 77% for m-MWCNTs. Limits of detection lower than 32 ng/L were achieved for all of the analyzed samples.

Keywords: ACN; Antibiotics; CNTs; DAD; DCM; DMF; Dispersive solid-phase extraction; MWCNTs; Magnetic carbon nanotubes; MeOH; PTFE; S/N; SAD; SAM; SAs; SDD; SDM; SDX; SDZ; SEM; SMP; SMR; SMX; SPD; SPE; SPME; SSZ; STZ; SWCNTs; Sulfonamides; UHPLC; Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; Water; acetonitrile; carbon nanotubes; dSPE; dichloromethane; dimethylformamide; diode array detector; dispersive solid-phase extraction; m-CNTs; m-MWCNTs; m-NPs; magnetic carbon nanotubes; magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes; magnetic nanoparticles; methanol; multi-walled carbon nanotubes; polytetrafluoroethylene; scanning electron microcopy; signal-to-noise ratio; single-walled carbon nanotubes; solid phase microextraction; solid-phase extraction; sulfacetamide; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfadimidin; sulfadoxine; sulfamerazine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfamethoxypyridazine; sulfanilamide; sulfapyridine; sulfathiazole; sulfisoxazole; sulfonamides; ultra-high performance liquid chromatography.