The review addresses the primary and secondary prevention of cardioembolic ischemic stroke, in particular, in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Indications and schemes of anticoagulation treatment, advantages in stroke prevention and difficulties in using of the common oral anticoagulant warfarin are discussed. The authors compare the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety of the peroral anticoagulant rivaroxaban with warfarin. Based on the results of large meta-analyses, it has been concluded that the efficacy of rivaroxaban is rather superior to warfarin, this drug has the same safety profile and is more convenient in use. During treatment, no laboratory monitoring of hemostasis indicators is needed. This drug can be recommended for prevention of cardioembolic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.