Manganese-mitigation of cadmium toxicity to seedling growth of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. is controlled by the manganese/cadmium molar ratio under hydroponic conditions

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) can interact with cadmium (Cd) in environments and influence the toxic effect of Cd on plants. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the Mn/Cd ratio and plant Cd-toxicity along Cd concentrations. In this paper, we studied the effects of external Mn/Cd molar ratios (0, 10, 30, 50 and 60) on Cd toxicity in the Mn hyperaccumulator and Cd tolerant plant, Phytolacca acinosa Roxb., at three Cd levels (50, 100 and 200 μM) under hydroponic conditions. Our result showed that seedling growth (y) under Cd stress was strongly positively related to the solution Mn/Cd molar ratio (SMCR). The relationship between the two variables under solution Cd concentrations was well explained by the linear regression model y=a+b1 (SMCR)+b2 (Solution-Cd). Increasing SMCR significantly reduced the Cd concentration and increased the Mn concentration in plant tissues. However, seedling growth was consistent with the shoot Mn/Cd molar ratio rather than with the Mn or Cd concentrations in plant tissues. At low levels of SMCR (e.g. 0 and 10), elevation of Mn distribution in shoot tissues might be a mechanism in P. acinosa seedlings to defend against Cd-toxicity. In comparison with low levels of SMCR, high levels of SMCR (e.g. 50 and 60) greatly alleviated lipid peroxidation and plant water-loss, and enhanced photosynthesis. However, the alleviated lipid peroxidation in the Mn-mitigation of Cd toxicity was likely to be the secondary effect resulting from the antagonism between Mn and Cd in the plant.

Keywords: A(Cd); A(Mn); C(Cd); C(Mn); Cadmium toxicity; Cd; Ci; DMP; DW; E; FW; Gs; H(2)O(2); MCRR; MCRS; MDA; Manganese; Mn; Oxidative stress; PCA; Phytolacca acinosa; Plant growth; Pn; R; SMCR; TF; average relative growth rate; cadmium; cadmium concentration; dry matter percent; dry weight; fresh weight; hydrogen peroxide; intracellular carbon dioxide concentration; malondialdehyde; manganese; manganese concentration; manganese/cadmium molar ratio in roots; manganese/cadmium molar ratio in shoot; photosynthetic rate; principle component analysis; solution manganese/cadmium molar ratio; stomatal conductance; total cadmium accumulation; total manganese accumulation; translocation factor; transpiration rate.