In this paper, a nondestructive laser ultrasonic technique is used to generate and detect broadband surface acoustic waves (SAWs) on human teeth with different demineralization treatment. A scanning laser line-source technique is used to generate a series of SAW signals for obtaining the dispersion spectrum through a two-dimensional fast Fourier translation method. The experimental dispersion curves of SAWs are studied for evaluating the elastic properties of the sound tooth and carious tooth. The propagation and dispersion of SAWs in human teeth are also been studied using the finite element method. Results from numerical simulation and experiment are compared and discussed, and the elastic properties of teeth with different conditions are evaluated by combining the simulation and experimental results.