Plasticity of blood- and lymphatic endothelial cells and marker identification

PLoS One. 2013 Sep 10;8(9):e74293. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074293. eCollection 2013.

Abstract

The distinction between lymphatic and blood vessels is biologically fundamental. Here we wanted to rigorously analyze the universal applicability of vascular markers and characteristics of the two widely used vascular model systems human microvascular endothelial cell line-1 (HMEC-1) and telomerase-immortalized microvascular endothelial cell line (TIME). Therefore we studied the protein expression and functional properties of the endothelial cell lines HMEC-1 and TIME by flow cytometry and in vitro flow assays. We then performed microarray analyses of the gene expression in these two cell lines and compared them to primary endothelial cells. Using bioinformatics we then defined 39 new, more universal, endothelial-type specific markers from 47 primary endothelial microarray datasets and validated them using immunohistochemistry with normal and pathological tissues. We surprisingly found that both HMEC-1 and TIME are hybrid blood- and lymphatic cells. In addition, we discovered great discrepancies in the previous identifications of blood- and lymphatic endothelium-specific genes. Hence we identified and validated new, universally applicable vascular markers. Summarizing, the hybrid blood-lymphatic endothelial phenotype of HMEC-1 and TIME is indicative of plasticity in the gene expression of immortalized endothelial cell lines. Moreover, we identified new, stable, vessel-type specific markers for blood- and lymphatic endothelium, useful for basic research and clinical diagnostics.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Biomarkers / metabolism*
  • Blood Cells / cytology
  • Blood Cells / metabolism*
  • CD146 Antigen / genetics
  • CD146 Antigen / metabolism
  • Cell Adhesion
  • Cell Line
  • Collectins / genetics
  • Collectins / metabolism
  • Databases, Genetic
  • Endothelial Cells / cytology
  • Endothelial Cells / metabolism*
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Genome, Human / genetics
  • Humans
  • Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
  • Receptors, Scavenger / genetics
  • Receptors, Scavenger / metabolism
  • Shear Strength

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • CD146 Antigen
  • COLEC12 protein, human
  • Collectins
  • MCAM protein, human
  • Receptors, Scavenger

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the Finnish Academy (grants 118621, 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378, 117787, and 41071), Juho Vainio Foundation, Paavo Nurmi Foundation, Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research and Finnish Cultural Foundation and Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.