Multiplexed in vivo fluorescence optical imaging of the therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy

Abstract

In our study we wanted to elucidate a time frame for in vivo optical imaging of the therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) by using a multiplexed imaging approach for detecting apoptosis and vascularization. The internalization of the photosensitizer Foslip(®) into tongue-squamous epithelium carcinoma cells (CAL-27) was examined in vitro and in vivo. For detecting apoptosis, annexin V was covalently coupled to the near-infrared dye DY-734 and the spectroscopic properties and binding affinity to apoptotic CAL-27 cells were elucidated. CAL-27 tumor bearing mice were treated with PDT and injected 2 days and 2 weeks thereafter with DY-734-annexin V. PDT-induced changes in tumor vascularization were detected with the contrast agent IRDye(®) 800CW RGD up to 3 weeks after PDT. A perinuclear enrichment of Foslip(®) could be seen in vitro which was reflected in an accumulation in CAL-27 tumors in vivo. The DY-734-annexin V (coupling efficiency 30-50%) revealed a high binding affinity to apoptotic compared to non-apoptotic cells (17.2% vs. 1.2%) with a KD-value of 20 nm. After PDT-treatment, the probe showed a significantly higher (p <0.05) contrast in tumors at 2 days compared to 2 weeks after therapy (2-8 h post injection). A reduction of the vascularization could be detected after PDT especially in the central tumor areas. To detect the therapeutic efficacy of PDT, a multiplexed imaging approach is necessary. A detection of apoptotic cells is possible just shortly after therapy, whereas at later time points the efficacy can be verified by investigating the vascularization.

Keywords: Annexin V; Apoptosis; Fluorescence optical imaging; Multiplexed imaging; Tumor vascularization.