As the number of applications of quantum dots (QDs) grows, the likelihood of exposure increases. Because these metals have the potential for detrimental environmental and health effects, concerns have been raised over our lack of understanding about the fate of these products. Among various types of QDs, cadmium-based quantum dots attract the greatest attention due to their wide applications. To properly assess the potential risk of cadmium-containing QDs, we summarize the current state of academic knowledge on the toxicity of cadmium-based QDs.