The influence of bubbles on the perception carbonation bite

PLoS One. 2013 Aug 21;8(8):e71488. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071488. eCollection 2013.

Abstract

Although many people naively assume that the bite of carbonation is due to tactile stimulation of the oral cavity by bubbles, it has become increasingly clear that carbonation bite comes mainly from formation of carbonic acid in the oral mucosa. In Experiment 1, we asked whether bubbles were in fact required to perceive carbonation bite. Subjects rated oral pungency from several concentrations of carbonated water both at normal atmospheric pressure (at which bubbles could form) and at 2.0 atmospheres pressure (at which bubbles did not form). Ratings of carbonation bite under the two pressure conditions were essentially identical, indicating that bubbles are not required for pungency. In Experiment 2, we created controlled streams of air bubbles around the tongue in mildly pungent CO2 solutions to determine how tactile stimulation from bubbles affects carbonation bite. Since innocuous sensations like light touch and cooling often suppress pain, we predicted that bubbles might reduce rated bite. Contrary to prediction, air bubbles flowing around the tongue significantly enhanced rated bite, without inducing perceived bite in blank (un-carbonated) solutions. Accordingly, though bubbles are clearly not required for carbonation bite, they may well modulate perceived bite. More generally, the results show that innocuous tactile stimulation can enhance chemogenic pain. Possible physiological mechanisms are discussed.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Air
  • Carbon Dioxide / chemistry
  • Carbonates / chemistry*
  • Carbonic Acid / chemistry
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mouth Mucosa / metabolism
  • Perception
  • Pressure
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Sensation*
  • Solutions
  • Taste
  • Temperature
  • Touch

Substances

  • Carbonates
  • Solutions
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Carbonic Acid

Grants and funding

Anheuser-Busch InBev, Inc. (http://www.ab-inbev.com/). The funders had no substantive role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript, with the following exceptions. Dr. Jerome Pellaud and Dr. Wilfried Lossignol of Anheuser-Busch InBev, Inc. served as pilot subjects for Experiment 1, and suggested simplification of the subject response alternatives. Specifically, they suggested collecting just ratings of “bite” and “tickle-bubbles” as opposed to asking subjects to rate additional sensations in order to make the task less demanding for subjects. Dr. Pellaud and Dr. Lossignol also offered helpful suggestions related to subject ergonomics. Dr. Pellaud read the manuscript with the option to delay publication to allow filing of patent applications, but the sponsor elected not to delay publication. The contents of the manuscript were determined by the authors.