Cathepsin L silencing enhances arsenic trioxide mediated in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis in glioblastoma U87MG spheroids

Abstract

Despite improved treatment options, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the most aggressive brain tumour with the shortest post-diagnostic survival. Arsenite (As2O3) is already being used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), yet its effects on GBM have not been evaluated in detail. In U87MG cell monolayers, we have previously shown that arsenite cytotoxicity significantly increases upon transient inhibition of lysosomal protease Cathepsin L (CatL). As multicellular spheroids more closely represent in vivo tumours, we aimed to evaluate the impact of permanent CatL silencing on arsenite treatment in U87MG spheroids. CatL was stably silenced using shRNA expression plasmid packed lentiviruses. By using metabolic- and cell viability assays, we demonstrated that long-term CatL silencing significantly increased arsenite cytotoxicity in U87MG spheroids. Silenced CatL also increased arsenite-mediated apoptosis in spheroids via elevated p53 expression, Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase 3/7 activity, though with lower efficacy than in monolayers. Arsenite cytotoxicity was enhanced by lower CatL activity, since similar cytotoxicity increase was also observed using the novel CatL inhibitor AT094. The results have significant translational impact, since stable CatL silencing would enable the application of lower systemic doses of arsenite to achieve the desired cytotoxic effects on GBMs in vivo.

Keywords: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium; 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2–yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; APL; Apoptosis; Arsenic trioxide; As(2)O(3); B-cell CLL/lymphoma2; BCL2-associated X protein; Bax; Bcl2; CatL; Cathepsin L; ECM; GBM; Glioblastoma multiforme; MTS; MTT; Multicellular resistance effect; STS; TNFα; U87MG cells transduced with lentiviruses encoding scrambled shRNA expression vector; U87MG cells transduced with lentiviruses encoding shRNA expression vector for stable silencing of Cathepsin L; U87MG spheroids; U87MG-sc; U87MG-si; acute promyelocytic leukaemia; arsenic trioxide; extracellular matrix; glioblastoma multiforme; p53; shRNA; short hairpin RNA; siRNA; small interfering RNA; staurosporine; tumour necrosis factor alpha; tumour protein 53.