Introduction: Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract and is distinguished in primary and secondary. It is present in 25-70% of children who have a urinary tract infection (UTI) associated with pyelonephritis, the association between UTI and VUR predisposes children to have renal scarring with consequent alteration of the functionality until chronic renal failure.
Material and methods: We realized a review of the literature on the endoscopic treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux analyzing the different techniques, materials used for endoscopic injection, indications and complications described in the literature.
Results: Over 100 articles we found on the endoscopic treatment of reflux with indications, complications and outcomes in the short, medium and long term. Of these we selected the most recent and current European and American Guidelines.
Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment of reflux has become gradually the technique of choice for the primary treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux associated with pyelonephritis or urinary tract infections and permits to delay the use of open surgery.