Cathepsin D activity and selectivity in the acidic conditions of a tumor microenvironment: Utilization in the development of a novel Cathepsin D substrate for simultaneous cancer diagnosis and therapy

Abstract

Pro-Cathepsin D (pCD) is an aspartyl endopeptidase which is over expressed in many cancers. This over expression generally led to its secretion into the extracellular culture medium of cancer cells. Moreover, pCD can auto activate and cleave its substrates at an acidic pH compatible with that found in tumor microenvironments (TME). Thus, exploiting these two pathological characteristics of TME offers the opportunity to develop new protease-activated vector on the basis of their specific substrate structures. The aim of this study was to validate new pCD substrates in the extracellular pH conditions of TME. As a first step, we investigated the effect of pH on the catalytic activity and selectivity of mature Cathepsin D (CD). It was found that the increase in the pH of the media led to a decrease in the reaction rate. However, the specificity of mature CD was not affected by a variation in pH. In the second step, the effect of the substrate structure was studied. We demonstrated that the substrate structure had a significant effect on the catalytic activity of CD. In fact, some modifications in peptide structure induced a change in the catalytic behavior that involved a substrate activation phenomenon. We suggest that this activation may be related to the amphiphilic nature of the modified peptide that may induce an interfacial activation mechanism. Finally, pCD, which is the major form found in the extracellular culture medium of cancer cells, was used. We demonstrated that the proform of CD cleave the modified peptide 5 at pH 6.5 with the same cleavage selectivity obtained with the mature form of the protease. These data provide a better understanding of CD behavior in tumor microenvironment conditions and this knowledge can be used to develop more specific tools for diagnosis and drug delivery.

Keywords: 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid; 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid; 7-methoxycoumarin-4-acetyl; CD; Cathepsin D; DNP; Interfacial activation; MCA; MES; MOPS; Pro-Cathepsin D; SA; Substrate structure; TME; Tumor microenvironment; dinitrophenyl; pCD; ppCD; pre-pro-Cathepsin D; pro-Cathepsin D; sodium acetate; tumor microenvironment.