This study aimed to analyze trends in mortality due to malignant neoplasms of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts in Brazil from 1980 to 2010. This was a time series study using data provided by the Mortality Information System. Crude and standardized mortality rates were calculated according to age, area of residence, and gender. Trends were analyzed using polynomial regression models. An increasing trend in mortality was observed for both males and females in Brazil. Mean overall mortality was 3.59, with a linear increase of 0.020 (R² = 0.588; p < 0.001). The rate for males was 4.20 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants with a linear annual increase of 0.044 (R² = 0.81; p < 0,001), and for females, 2.98 per 100,000 inhabitants with a linear annual increase of 0.0194 (R² = 0.35; p = 0.008). The article discusses possible explanations for this increase, as well as potential information bias.