A technique is proposed to measure the high-resolution and wide-band characterization of amplitude, phase responses, and polarization property of optical components. This technique combines the optical spectrum stitching and optical channel estimation methods. Two kinds of fiber Bragg grating based Fabry-Perot cavities with ultrafine structures have been characterized based on this technique. By using 1024 point fast Fourier transform and a narrow linewidth, wavelength-tunable laser source, a frequency resolution of ~10 MHz is realized with an optical measurement range beyond 250 GHz.