Cell-based regenerative therapies for bone defects usually employ bone precursor cells seeded on solid scaffolds. Thermosensitive hydrogels that harden at body core temperature are promising alternative cell carriers as they are applicable minimally invasively. We modified Pluronic® P123 with different chain extenders and assessed rheology and biocompatibility of the resulting hydrogels. The best candidate was tested in a rat's femoral defect model. All gels hardened above 25 °C with butane-diisocyanate-hydrogels (BDI-gels) displaying the highest storage moduli. BDI-gels showed the most favourable biocompatibility and did not affect cellular adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Implantation of BDI-hydrogel into femoral defects did not impede bone healing in vivo as evidenced by μCT and histological analysis. We conclude that thermosensitive BDI-gels are promising alternative cell carriers. The gels harden upon injection in vivo without interfering with bone metabolism. Further experiments will assess the gels' capacity to effectively transport living cells into bone defects.