Background: Progerin is a mutant form of lamin A responsible for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), a premature aging disorder characterized by excessive atherosclerosis and vascular calcification that leads to premature death, predominantly of myocardial infarction or stroke. The goal of this study was to investigate mechanisms that cause excessive vascular calcification in HGPS.
Methods and results: We performed expression and functional studies in wild-type mice and knock-in Lmna(G609G/+) mice expressing progerin, which mimic the main clinical manifestations of HGPS. Lmna(G609G/+) mice showed excessive aortic calcification, and primary aortic vascular smooth muscle cells from these progeroid animals had an impaired capacity to inhibit vascular calcification. This defect in progerin-expressing vascular smooth muscle cells is associated with increased expression and activity of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and mitochondrial dysfunction, which leads to reduced ATP synthesis. Accordingly, Lmna(G609G/+) vascular smooth muscle cells are defective for the production and extracellular accumulation of pyrophosphate, a major inhibitor of vascular calcification. We also found increased alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced ATP and pyrophosphate levels in plasma of Lmna(G609G/+) mice without changes in phosphorus and calcium. Treatment with pyrophosphate inhibited vascular calcification in progeroid mice.
Conclusions: Excessive vascular calcification in Lmna(G609G) mice is caused by reduced extracellular accumulation of pyrophosphate that results from increased tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity and diminished ATP availability caused by mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular smooth muscle cells. Excessive calcification is ameliorated on pyrophosphate treatment. These findings reveal a previously undefined pathogenic process in HGPS that may also contribute to vascular calcification in normal aging, because progerin progressively accumulates in the vascular tissue of individuals without HGPS.
Keywords: ATP; Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome; muscle, smooth; progerin; pyrophosphate; tissue-non specific alkaline phosphatase; vascular calcification.