As the only quantitatively significant Na efflux pathway from cardiac cells, the Na/K ATPase (Na pump) is the primary regulator of intracellular Na. The transmembrane Na gradient it establishes is essential for normal electrical excitability, numerous coupled-transport processes and, as the driving force for Na/Ca exchange, thus setting cardiac Ca load and contractility. As Na influx varies with electrical excitation, heart rate and pathology, the dynamic regulation of Na efflux is essential. It is now widely recognized that phospholemman, a 72 amino acid accessory protein which forms part of the Na pump complex, is the key nexus linking cellular signaling to pump regulation. Phospholemman is the target of a variety of post-translational modifications (including phosphorylation, palmitoylation and glutathionation) and these can dynamically alter the activity of the Na pump. This review summarizes our current understanding of the multiple regulatory mechanisms that converge on phospholemman and govern NA pump activity in the heart. The corrected Fig. 4 is reproduced below. The publisher would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. [corrected].
Keywords: AR; ET(A); ET-1; FXYD-1; Heart; I-1; NCX; NO; NOS; Na/Ca exchanger; Na/K ATPase; PKA; PKC; PLB; PLM; PP-1; Phospholemman; Sodium pump; Sodium regulation; adrenergic receptor; endothelin 1; endothelin A receptor; inhibitor-1; nitric oxide; nitric oxide synthase; phosphatase-1; phospholamban; phospholemman; protein kinase A; protein kinase C.
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