1,4-Substituted 4-(1H)-pyridylene-hydrazone-type inhibitors of AChE, BuChE, and amyloid-β aggregation crossing the blood-brain barrier

Abstract

Given the fundamentally multifactorial character of Alzheimer's disease (AD), addressing more than one target for disease modification or therapy is expected to be highly advantageous. Here, following the cholinergic hypothesis, we aimed to inhibit both acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) in order to increase the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. In addition, the formation of the amyloid β fibrils should be inhibited and already preformed fibrils should be destroyed. Based on a recently identified AChE inhibitor with a 1,4-substituted 4-(1H)-pyridylene-hydrazone skeleton, a substance library has been generated and tested for inhibition of AChE, BuChE, and fibril formation. Blood-brain barrier mobility was ensured by a transwell assay. Whereas the p-nitrosubstituted compound 18C shows an anti-AChE activity in the nanomolar range of concentration (IC₅₀=90 nM), the bisnaphthyl substituted compound 20L was found to be the best overall inhibitor of AChE/BuChE and enhances the fibril destruction.

Keywords: AChEIs; AD; APOE; APP; Acetylcholinesterase (AChE); Alzheimer; Alzheimer’s disease; Amyloid β; BuChEI; Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE); COX; DCF; DCF-DA; GSK; HFIP; LP; MDA; MMP; NSAID; PSA; ROS; TBA; TEER; ThT; Thioflavin T; acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; amyloid precursor protein; apolipoprotein; butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor; cEND; cerebral capillary endothelial; cyclooxygenase; dichlorofluorescein; dichlorofluorescin diacetate; glycogen-synthasekinase; hexafluoroisopropanol; lipid peroxidation; log of the brain/blood distribution ratio; log of the permeability–surface area coefficient; logBB; logPS; malondialdehyde; mitochondrial membrane potential; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; polar surface area; reactive oxygen species; thiobarbituric acid; thioflavin T; transepithelial electrical resistance.