This review summarizes and evaluates the literature regarding the biomarkers for predicting the response and/or prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT). There are seven categories of molecules known to correlate with the response and/or prognosis: tumor suppressors (p53, p21), cell cycle regulators (Cyclin D1, CDC25B, 14-3-3sigma), DNA repair molecules (p53R2, ERCC1), drug resistance proteins [metallothionein (MT)], angiogenic factors (VEGF), molecules involved in cell proliferation/invasion/metastasis (Ki-67, COX-2) and hedgehog signaling molecules (Gli-1). Of the above molecules, the tumor suppressor p53 is expected to be a representative biomarker for predicting the response and prognosis. The cell cycle markers CDC25B and 14-3-3sigma have potential as response biomarkers independent of the p53 status. The DNA repair markers, p53R2 or ERCC1, angiogenic molecule (VEGF), and hedgehog signaling pathway factor Gli-1 also have potential to predict the response and prognosis of ESCC. However, there are still many unanswered questions with regard to predicting the clinical effects of neoadjuvant CRT.