Regulatory role of GSK-3 β on NF- κ B, nitric oxide, and TNF- α in group A streptococcal infection

Mediators Inflamm. 2013:2013:720689. doi: 10.1155/2013/720689. Epub 2013 Mar 5.

Abstract

Group A streptococcus (GAS) imposes a great burden on humans. Efforts to minimize the associated morbidity and mortality represent a critical issue. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3 β) is known to regulate inflammatory response in infectious diseases. However, the regulation of GSK-3 β in GAS infection is still unknown. The present study investigates the interaction between GSK-3 β , NF- κ B, and possible related inflammatory mediators in vitro and in a mouse model. The results revealed that GAS could activate NF- κ B, followed by an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production in a murine macrophage cell line. Activation of GSK-3 β occurred after GAS infection, and inhibition of GSK-3 β reduced iNOS expression and NO production. Furthermore, GSK-3 β inhibitors reduced NF- κ B activation and subsequent TNF- α production, which indicates that GSK-3 β acts upstream of NF- κ B in GAS-infected macrophages. Similar to the in vitro findings, administration of GSK-3 β inhibitor in an air pouch GAS infection mouse model significantly reduced the level of serum TNF- α and improved the survival rate. The inhibition of GSK-3 β to moderate the inflammatory effect might be an alternative therapeutic strategy against GAS infection.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Blotting, Western
  • Cell Line
  • Cell Survival / genetics
  • Cell Survival / physiology
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / genetics
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / metabolism*
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
  • Humans
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Macrophages / metabolism
  • Macrophages / microbiology
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C
  • NF-kappa B / metabolism*
  • Nitric Oxide / metabolism*
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
  • Streptococcal Infections
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism*

Substances

  • NF-kappa B
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3