DING proteins comprise an intriguing phosphate-binding protein family present in all animal phyla. Five different DING representatives have been described in humans. Eukaryotic DING proteins are mostly involved in cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation, and also in pathological process such as rheumatoid arthritis and kidney stone formation. Although these proteins are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, no relevant locus or ORF has yet been found in sequenced genomes. This lack of sequence information has considerably hampered functional and structural studies of these proteins, and has required the use of novel and original techniques such as ab initio protein sequencing based on a combination of X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry. Sub-Angstrom structural resolution has elucidated the molecular binding mechanism of phosphate ions by these high-affinity proteins. Immunohistochemical studies show that these proteins are present in a wide variety of mouse tissues. Some DING proteins, particularly human phosphate binding protein (HPBP), can inhibit HIV replication. This inhibition takes place at the transcriptional step, which is not targeted by any current antiretroviral drug. Initial studies suggest that HPBP warrants animal testing. This recent discovery opens new possibilities for the treatment of HIV infection.