The interaction of large amplitude internal seiches with a shallow sloping lakebed: observations of benthic turbulence in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada

PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57444. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057444. Epub 2013 Mar 5.

Abstract

Observations of the interactions of large amplitude internal seiches with the sloping boundary of Lake Simcoe, Canada show a pronounced asymmetry between up- and downwelling. Data were obtained during a 42-day period in late summer with an ADCP and an array of four thermistor chains located in a 5 km line at the depths where the thermocline intersects the shallow slope of the lakebed. The thermocline is located at depths of 12-14 m during the strongly stratified period of late summer. During periods of strong westerly winds the thermocline is deflected as much as 8 m vertically and interacts directly with the lakebed at depth between 14-18 m. When the thermocline was rising at the boundary, the stratification resembles a turbulent bore that propagates up the sloping lakebed with a speed of 0.05-0.15 m s(-1) and a Froude number close to unity. There were strong temperature overturns associated with the abrupt changes in temperature across the bore. Based on the size of overturns in the near bed stratification, we show that the inferred turbulent diffusivity varies by up to two orders of magnitude between up- and downwellings. When the thermocline was rising, estimates of turbulent diffusivity were high with KZ ∼10(-4) m(2)s(-1), whereas during downwelling events the near-bed stratification was greatly increased and the turbulence was reduced. This asymmetry is consistent with previous field observations and underlines the importance of shear-induced convection in benthic bottom boundary layers of stratified lakes.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Climate
  • Diffusion
  • Environmental Monitoring / methods*
  • Fresh Water
  • Geography
  • Lakes*
  • Meteorology
  • Ontario
  • Seasons
  • Temperature

Grants and funding

Funding for this project was provided by Environment Canada through the “Lake Simcoe Clean up fund” (http://www.ec.gc.ca/doc/eau-water/simcoe_e.html), the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada through their Discovery Grants awards (http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/professors-professeurs/grants-subs/dgigp-psigp_eng.asp) and the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, through an Early Researcher Award (http://www.mri.gov.on.ca/english/news/ERA072511_toronto_bd.asp). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.