Abstract
Extralabel drug use for pain relief in the United States is regulated under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act. Agents that may provide analgesia in livestock include local anesthetics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, α2-agonists, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. The challenges associated with providing pain relief in food animals and the salient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of the analgesic compounds that could potentially be used in livestock are reviewed. The potential use of novel agents such as bicarbonate, magnesium, ethanol, and gabapentin to augment analgesia is also discussed.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Publication types
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
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Review
MeSH terms
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Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / pharmacokinetics
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Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / therapeutic use
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Amines / pharmacokinetics
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Amines / therapeutic use
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Analgesia / methods
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Analgesia / veterinary*
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Analgesics / pharmacokinetics
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Analgesics / therapeutic use*
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Analgesics, Opioid / pharmacokinetics
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Analgesics, Opioid / therapeutic use
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Anesthetics, Local / pharmacokinetics
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Anesthetics, Local / therapeutic use
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Animal Husbandry / methods
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Animals
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / pharmacokinetics
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / therapeutic use
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Cattle
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Cattle Diseases / drug therapy*
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Cattle Diseases / prevention & control
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Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / pharmacokinetics
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Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / therapeutic use
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Gabapentin
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Meat
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Off-Label Use / veterinary
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Pain / drug therapy
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Pain / prevention & control
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Pain / veterinary*
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Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / antagonists & inhibitors
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Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / therapeutic use
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United States
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gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / pharmacokinetics
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gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / therapeutic use
Substances
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Adrenergic alpha-Agonists
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Amines
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Analgesics
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Analgesics, Opioid
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Anesthetics, Local
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
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Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids
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Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
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gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
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Gabapentin