The aim of this review is pointing out the most relevant allergic and chemical risk factors in health care settings. Some tables summarize the main sensitizing agents, the most frequent allergic diseases and examples of alternative gloves and materials currently available. Some suggestions, to evaluate the allergic risk related to specific tasks in the different hospital departments, are given in order to underline possible failures and to plan focused preventive actions. The chemical hazard has been valued on the basis of the current exposure, which is significantly improved due to structural and technological changes adopted in almost all hospitals. However there are still some critical points due to the use of particularly toxic substances and new molecules, whose health effects should be carefully evaluated, and to a more extensive use of techniques and procedures previously limited to a few work realities.