The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is not an easy task. The clinical presentation of VL is similar to lymphomas which have significantly higher incidence in our country. This fact is one of the complications in the diagnosis of VL. Moreover, diagnostic methods have low sensitivity and bone marrow aspiration is necessary. We present a case report of a patient who fell ill in the first year of life and due to atypical lifestyle of his parents was seriously examined after 11 months from the first symptoms of the disease. Many problems with the diagnostic algorithm leading to the definitive diagnosis of VL were encountered. Thereafter, the patient underwent treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex. The course was complicated by febrile neutropenia and anemia, with the necessity for blood transfusion.