Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which is a bioactive lipid from the family of sphingolipids is synthesized i.e. by platelates and stored in erythrocytes. The effects of this compound on the cells are connected with the presence of specific receptors on their surface (S1P1-S1P5). S1P acts upon, i.e, hematopoetic and nervous cells, having influencing their migration, adhesion, differentation and survival. This molecule plays mediator role in inflammatory responses, angiogenesis and wound healing. In contrast to spingosine and ceramid, S1P counteracts apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that S1P is a factor, which participates in the process of release stem cells from bone marrow to peripherial blood. Cell and tissue damaged, stress, physical exercise and some drugs have influence on the numbers of stem cells. The research on S1P as the main chemotactic factor for stem cells may have substantial impact on the development of regenerative medicine.