On the application of nanostructured electrodes prepared by Ti/TiO2/WO3 "template": a case study of removing toxicity of indigo using visible irradiation

Chemosphere. 2013 Apr;91(5):586-93. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.027. Epub 2013 Jan 18.

Abstract

New assays with HepG2 cells indicate that Indigo Carmine (IC), a dye that is widely used as additive in many food and pharmaceutical industries exhibited cytotoxic effects. This work describes the development of a bicomponent nanostructured Ti/TiO2/WO3 electrode prepared by "template" method and investigates its efficiency in a photoelectrocatalytic method by using visible light irradiation and applied potential of 1V. After 2h of treatment there are reduction of 97% discoloration, 62% of mineralization and formation of three byproducts assigned as: 2-amine-5-sulfo-benzoic acid, 2,3-dioxo-14-indole-5-sulfonic acid, and 2-amino-α-oxo-5-sulfo-benzeneacetic acid were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. But, cytotoxicity was completely removed after 120 min of treatment.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Electrodes*
  • Indigo Carmine
  • Indoles / analysis*
  • Indoles / chemistry
  • Indoles / toxicity
  • Models, Chemical
  • Nanostructures / chemistry*
  • Oxides / chemistry
  • Photochemical Processes
  • Titanium / chemistry
  • Tungsten / chemistry
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / analysis*
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / chemistry
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / toxicity
  • Water Purification / methods*

Substances

  • Indoles
  • Oxides
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical
  • titanium dioxide
  • tungsten oxide
  • Titanium
  • Indigo Carmine
  • Tungsten