Emergence of scale-free close-knit friendship structure in online social networks

PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e50702. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050702. Epub 2012 Dec 14.

Abstract

Although the structural properties of online social networks have attracted much attention, the properties of the close-knit friendship structures remain an important question. Here, we mainly focus on how these mesoscale structures are affected by the local and global structural properties. Analyzing the data of four large-scale online social networks reveals several common structural properties. It is found that not only the local structures given by the indegree, outdegree, and reciprocal degree distributions follow a similar scaling behavior, the mesoscale structures represented by the distributions of close-knit friendship structures also exhibit a similar scaling law. The degree correlation is very weak over a wide range of the degrees. We propose a simple directed network model that captures the observed properties. The model incorporates two mechanisms: reciprocation and preferential attachment. Through rate equation analysis of our model, the local-scale and mesoscale structural properties are derived. In the local-scale, the same scaling behavior of indegree and outdegree distributions stems from indegree and outdegree of nodes both growing as the same function of the introduction time, and the reciprocal degree distribution also shows the same power-law due to the linear relationship between the reciprocal degree and in/outdegree of nodes. In the mesoscale, the distributions of four closed triples representing close-knit friendship structures are found to exhibit identical power-laws, a behavior attributed to the negligible degree correlations. Intriguingly, all the power-law exponents of the distributions in the local-scale and mesoscale depend only on one global parameter, the mean in/outdegree, while both the mean in/outdegree and the reciprocity together determine the ratio of the reciprocal degree of a node to its in/outdegree. Structural properties of numerical simulated networks are analyzed and compared with each of the four real networks. This work helps understand the interplay between structures on different scales in online social networks.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Behavior
  • Computer Simulation
  • Friends*
  • Humans
  • Internet
  • Likelihood Functions
  • Models, Statistical
  • Models, Theoretical
  • Probability
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Social Support*

Grants and funding

This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11105024, 11105025, and 61103109), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20110491705), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20110185120021). P.M. Hui acknowledges the support of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR Government under Grant No. CUHK-401109. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.