Abstract
Examination of the bone marrow biopsy and aspirate allows diagnosis and assessment of various conditions such as primary hematologic and metastatic neoplasms, as well as nonmalignant disorders. Despite being performed for many years, according to many different protocols, the procedure still remains painful for the majority of patients. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of pain reduction measures in the bone marrow biopsy and aspiration.
MeSH terms
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Analgesics / therapeutic use
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Anesthesia, Inhalation
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Anesthesia, Local
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Anti-Anxiety Agents / therapeutic use
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Anxiety / etiology
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Anxiety / prevention & control
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Biopsy, Needle / adverse effects*
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Biopsy, Needle / instrumentation
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Biopsy, Needle / methods
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Biopsy, Needle / psychology
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Bone Marrow Examination / adverse effects*
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Bone Marrow Examination / methods
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Bone Marrow Examination / psychology
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Complementary Therapies
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Equipment Design
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Humans
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Hypnotics and Sedatives / therapeutic use
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Needles
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Nitrous Oxide / administration & dosage
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Pain / etiology
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Pain / prevention & control*
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Pain / psychology
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Pain Management / methods*
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Patient Education as Topic
Substances
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Analgesics
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Anti-Anxiety Agents
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Hypnotics and Sedatives
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Nitrous Oxide