Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is one of the most common cancers in childhood. The development of chemoresistance in tumor cells is one of the principal causes of treatment failure. This resistance has been associated with different mechanisms, one being the overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-xL. It has been shown that this protein is regulated by the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is overexpressed in several tumors including NHL, and the overexpression of both proteins may result in resistance to chemotherapy. We investigated the role of HIF-1α in resistance to chemotherapy via the induction of Bcl-xL expression in NHL cell lines, using a pharmacological modulation of HIF-1α. Our data showed that treating Ramos cells with ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase, induces accumulation of HIF-1α and this correlates with an increase of Bcl-xL as well as resistance to apoptosis after exposure to chemotherapeutics drugs. In contrast, the treatment of Ramos cells with 2-methoxyestradiol, an inhibitor of HIF-1α activity, induced down-regulation of Bcl-xL expression, and this correlated with the sensitization of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. These data demonstrate that up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in NHL cells correlates with HIF-1α expression and activity, through which a phenotype of chemoresistance is induced.