The values of the glucose influence the status of the periodontium, but also the periodontitis influences the glucose balance by increasing the resistance to insulin. In the case of children in the first step the gingivitis appears, than if the glucose control is not made and the dental hygiene is defective the evolution is towards advanced periodontal disease. The present histomorphometric study wants to emphasize the eventual changes that appear at the level of the gingival epithelium before and after starting a correct treatment of the periodontal disease. The histomorphometric study indicates an average nuclear area of the keratinocytes of 211.65 μm² in the batch studied before the application of the treatment and an increase of the average nuclear area to 234.88 μm² after the treatment (p=0.010538). The nuclear volume before the treatment has an average value of 2396.61 μm³, after the treatment it reaches the value of 2996.924 μm³. The area of the keratinocytes has an average of 495.43 μm², after the treatment it reaches the value of 724.89 μm², noticing a 14.6% (p=0.004) increase of the cellular area. Before the treatment, we notice a ballooning of the cells from the intermediary level, the existence of some pyknotic nuclei and the disappearance of the nucleoli. The associated gingival pathology diabetes mellitus type 1 in the case of children and teenagers is treatable within six months, macroscopically and microscopically the gingival mucosa approaching to normal conditions. In the case of children and teenagers diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, the dental check is mandatory in order to prevent the gingival and periodontal diseases.