The interaction between iron level, iron supplementation, and susceptibility to infection, including malaria, remains a concern. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Medani hospital in central Sudan to investigate the relationship between anaemia and placental malaria. Obstetrical history was obtained; haemoglobin levels were determined. Placental tissue was obtained and malaria histology classified as active, chronic, past or no malaria infection. Among 324 women investigated, 7 (2·2%), 4 (1·2%), and 44 (13·6%) of the placentae showed active, chronic and past infection on histology examination respectively, while 269 (83·0%) of them showed no infection. Anaemia (haemoglobin <11 g/dl) was less frequent in women with placental Plasmodium falciparum infection, 27/55 (49·1%) vs 174/269 (64·7%), P=0·02. Anaemia was associated with a decreased risk for placental malaria, and the odds ratio for placental malaria (in both primiparae and multiparae group) was 0·2, 95% CI: 0·1-0·6, P=0·002 and it was 0·2, 95% CI: 0·03-0·7; P=0·02 for primiparae group. Thus, there is a strong relationship between anaemia and the absence of placental malaria.