Aldosterone, atherosclerosis and vascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease

Abstract

Background and aims: Plasma aldosterone has been associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in high-risk cardiovascular populations, including patients with heart failure, myocardial infarction and high-risk coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. In the present study, we evaluated the association of plasma aldosterone levels with vascular events in a large prospective cohort of stable CAD patients recruited in an outpatient setting. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between aldosterone and atherosclerotic burden.

Methods and results: Baseline plasma aldosterone levels were measured in 2699 subjects with CAD (mean age 60 ± 10 years, 82% male). During a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 308 (11%) patients died, of which 203 were from a vascular cause. Vascular endpoints of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or vascular death occurred in 355 (13%) patients. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed, adjusting for multiple confounders. Aldosterone (median 96 pg/mL, interquartile range 70-138 pg/mL, normal range 58-362 pg/mL) was independently associated with major vascular events (hazard ratio (HR) 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-2.15) and vascular mortality (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.27-3.00). By multivariable regression analysis, aldosterone was also associated with the presence of atherosclerosis in additional vascular territories (cerebrovascular disease and/or peripheral artery disease) (p=0.026).

Conclusions: In patients with stable coronary artery disease, plasma aldosterone is independently associated with the risk of major vascular events and vascular mortality and with atherosclerotic burden.

Keywords: Aldosterone; Atherosclerosis; Coronary artery disease; Mortality; Risk factors.