Abstract
In the previous study, we found that sulfated derivative B2 of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2-B2) has greater anti-inflammatory effects than 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Rh2-B2 remains unclear. We therefore assessed the effects of Rh2-B2 on inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. We found that Rh2-B2 (1-5 mg/L) significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and increased IL-10 production from protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, Rh2-B2 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase as well as decreased p65 nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation into the nucleus by nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha degradation. The present results indicate that Rh2-B2 inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS through blocking mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB signaling pathways.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / chemistry
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology*
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Cells, Cultured
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Ginsenosides / chemistry
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Ginsenosides / pharmacology*
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Inflammation / metabolism
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Interleukin-10 / biosynthesis
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Interleukin-1beta / biosynthesis
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Interleukin-1beta / genetics
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Interleukin-6 / biosynthesis
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Interleukin-6 / genetics
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JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Macrophages
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Mice
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
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NF-kappa B / antagonists & inhibitors
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NF-kappa B / metabolism*
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Phosphorylation
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RNA, Messenger / genetics
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RNA, Messenger / metabolism
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Sulfates / chemistry
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Transcription Factor RelA / biosynthesis
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / biosynthesis
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / genetics
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p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism
Substances
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents
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Ginsenosides
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Interleukin-1beta
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Interleukin-6
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Lipopolysaccharides
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NF-kappa B
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RNA, Messenger
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Rela protein, mouse
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Sulfates
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Transcription Factor RelA
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
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Interleukin-10
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ginsenoside Rh2
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JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases