Objectives: To investigate whether the immunomodulatory capacities of leflunomide are associated with clinical efficacy in the treatment of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in a phase II pilot study.
Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 13 primary SS patients were obtained at baseline and after 24 weeks of leflunomide treatment. Ex-vivo production of interleukin (IL) 1β and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and of interferon (IFN), IL-4, as well as TNFα ELISA measured production on T-cell and monocyte stimulation. In addition, the authors investigated the ability of leflunomide to influence systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines, as well as T-cell activation markers and the expression of IL-7 receptor α by flow cytometry. Correlations between changes in cytokine levels and changes in clinical response parameters were studied.
Results: Ex-vivo production of IL-1β and TNFα was decreased at 24 weeks in the whole patient group, whereas IFN and IL-4 production were not significantly changed. However, a significant decrease in T-cell-stimulated IFN and TNFα production was observed in clinical responders, but not in non-responders. Moreover, significant correlations were found between increased sialometry values and decreased IFN and TNFα production. In addition, leflunomide reduced levels of inflammatory serum cytokines and CD40L expression, whereas it upregulated IL-7Rα expression on CD4 T cells with persistent serum IL-7 concentrations.
Conclusions: Leflunomide treatment suppressed cytokine release from circulating immune cells. Inhibition of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production was related to clinical efficacy. This suggests that selective T-cell targeting might be a relevant therapeutic strategy in primary SS, possibly enhancing clinical efficacy and safety.