Objectives: To present an overview of biomarkers used in a multiplicity of roles, including as targets of therapeutic intervention for several organ sites.
Data sources: Journal articles and book chapters from medical and nursing literature, and internet resources.
Conclusion: A single molecular marker may function in a variety of roles (ie, markers of risk, diagnostics, prognostics, intermediate endpoints). In some instances the molecule can also function as a target of therapeutic intervention.
Implications for nursing practice: Nursing implications include a better understanding of the nature of biomarkers and the multiplicity of their applications, especially with regard to therapeutic targets.
Published by Elsevier Inc.