On the interaction of aliphatic amines and ammonium ions with carboxylic acids in solution and in receptor pockets

J Phys Chem B. 2012 May 10;116(18):5425-36. doi: 10.1021/jp300588q. Epub 2012 Apr 30.

Abstract

Association energies of the acetate ion with cationic amines bearing one to three methyl groups were calculated in the range of -14 to -17 kcal/mol in aqueous solution by means of the IEF-PCM method at the CCSD(T)/CBS//MP2/aug-cc-pvdz and DFT/B97D/CBS//B97D/aug-cc-pvtz levels. The main stabilization factor for the association is the possibility for the formation of an ionic intermolecular hydrogen bond between the elements of the complex. For a quaternary ammonium ion, the favorable electrostatic interaction energy is the only driving force, and the stabilization energy for the complex is reduced to -4 kcal/mol. The internal free energies of the ion-pair tautomers of the studied species are higher by 10-15 kcal/mol in water than those for the neutral, hydrogen-bonded forms. Monte Carlo free energy perturbation calculations at T = 298 K and p = 1 atm predict -11 to -16 kcal/mol relative solvation free energy in favor of the corresponding ionic form. As a result, the ion-pair tautomer is the prevailing form in aqueous solution and on the extracellular surface of a receptor. Modeling the complex of a protonated ligand interacting with an Asp/Glu carboxylate side-chain in the binding cavity of a receptor, two strongly bound water molecules were considered so as to form hydrogen-bonded water bridges between the elements of the ion-pair. Nonetheless, the low polarity environment mimicked by a chloroform solvent cannot stabilize the ionic tautomer. A proton jump was predicted, which suggests that acetylcholine, an inherent cation by structure, might have evolved as the natural agonist for muscarinic receptors because a quaternary ammonium system assures the maintenance of the ion-pair form with a carboxylate side-chain in a protein cavity, the latter perhaps then being needed for receptor activation.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Acetates / chemistry
  • Amines / chemistry*
  • Carboxylic Acids / chemistry*
  • Hydrogen Bonding
  • Monte Carlo Method
  • Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / chemistry*
  • Solutions
  • Solvents / chemistry
  • Surface Properties
  • Thermodynamics
  • Water / chemistry

Substances

  • Acetates
  • Amines
  • Carboxylic Acids
  • Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
  • Solutions
  • Solvents
  • Water