We studied the efficiency of bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stem cells for correction of neurological deficit in rats with experimental sustained focal brain injury caused by venous outflow disturbances. It was found that neurological deficit in animals with transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells decreased by 54-75% (vs. 14-17% in the control group) by day 21. The efficiency of mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation (intravenous or local) on day 1 of postoperation period was significantly higher than on day 7. This manifested in more pronounced decrease in the severity of neurological disorders (according to modified neurological severity score) and more rapid recovery of autonomic feeding. Moreover, transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells on day 1 abolished the need in antiedematous therapy, while in animals receiving cell therapy on day 7, administration of glucocorticoids was necessary. Comparison of two regimens of cell administration at early terms revealed no advantages of local transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells over intravenous injection.