We investigate the effect of multiple scattering on the optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal and the Doppler OCT signal of flowing blood. Doppler OCT measurements at 1300 nm are performed on flowing diluted porcine blood with hematocrit ranging between 0% and 15%. Measured blood hematocrit and mean red blood cell volume are used to calculate, using the discrete dipole approximation model, the (single) scattering coefficient and scattering anisotropy of blood. Monte Carlo simulations, based on the calculated scattering coefficients and scattering anisotropies, are compared to Doppler OCT measurements for hematocrit smaller than 10%. Good quantitative agreement between Doppler OCT measurements and Monte Carlo simulations is observed. Our measurements, calculations and simulations explain the relatively low attenuation coefficients and well preserved flow profiles measured with Doppler OCT for flowing blood. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the effect of the scattering anisotropy of the medium on the strength of multiple scattering effects in Doppler OCT signals. With increasing scattering anisotropy the OCT attenuation decreases; the distortion of the flow profile is strongest at intermediate scattering anisotropies (≈0.6).