Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of multiple firings on the mechanical properties and microstructure of veneering ceramics used with zirconia frameworks.
Methods: Five different veneering ceramics for zirconia frameworks were used: Vintage ZR (ZR), Cerabien ZR (CZR), Vita VM9 (VM9), Cercon ceram KISS (KISS), IPS e.max ceram (e.max), and one veneering ceramic used for PFM frameworks: Vintage MP (MP). Twenty specimens were fabricated of each veneering ceramic. Ten specimens were fired twice and another ten specimens were fired ten times. Three-point flexural strength following the ISO 6872 and Vickers hardness were measured, and fracture toughness (K(IC)) was calculated. Density and porosity were determined. Specimens were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Results: For all materials, density increased and porosity decreased after 10 firings. Significant differences in density and porosity were observed between 2 and 10 firings, with the exception of VM9 (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in flexural strength between 2 and 10 firings except for MP. The Vickers hardness of ZR, VM9, KISS and MP increased significantly after 10 firings (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in fracture toughness for ZR, CZR, VM9 and MP between 2 and 10 firings. However, e.max underwent a significant increase in fracture toughness (P=0.000), and there was a significant decrease in the toughness of KISS after 10 firings (P=0.007).
Conclusion: Multiple firings could be effective for improving the densification and the hardness of veneering ceramics for zirconia restorations.
Clinical significance: By 10 firings, the density and hardness of the veneering ceramics used with zirconia frameworks were raised, and porosity was reduced. However, no significant changes occurred in flexural strength, fracture toughness or microstructure.
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