Recent and ongoing developments in time-resolved spectroscopy have made it possible to monitor circular dichroism, magnetic circular dichroism, optical rotatory dispersion, and magnetic optical rotatory dispersion with nanosecond time resolution. These techniques have been applied to determine structural changes associated with the function of several proteins as well as to determine the nature of early events in protein folding. These studies have required new approaches in triggering protein reactions as well as the development of time-resolved techniques for polarization spectroscopies with sufficient time resolution and sensitivity to probe protein structural changes.
Keywords: circular dichroism; cytochrome; heme proteins; ligand shuttle; magnetic circular dichroism; magnetic optical rotatory dispersion; optical rotatory dispersion; phytochrome; polarization; quasi-null.