Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxicities of tetraindoles: observation that the 5-hydroxy tetraindole (SK228) induces G₂ arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

J Med Chem. 2012 Feb 23;55(4):1583-92. doi: 10.1021/jm2013425. Epub 2012 Feb 9.

Abstract

Current chemical and biological interest in indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its metabolites has resulted in the discovery of new biologically active indoles. As part of a program aimed at the development of indole analogues, tetraindoles 1-15 were prepared and their antiproliferative effects on human breast cancer cells were evaluated. The results show that the 5-hydroxy-tetraindole 8 (SK228) has optimum antiproliferative activity against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF 7 and MDA-MB-231) cells and that this activity involves G(2)-phase arrest of the cell cycle with a distinctive increase in the expression of cyclin B1 and phospho-cdc2. Further observations suggest that 5-hydroxy-tetraindole 8 induces apoptosis through externalization of membrane phosphatidylserine, DNA fragmentation, and activation of caspase-3. Given the fact that I3C and its metabolites have been shown to improve therapeutic efficacy and to have a broad range of antitumor activities in human cancer cells, the current findings have important pharmacological relevance as they open a promising route to the development of a potential chemotherapeutic application of tetraindoles as agents for the treatment of breast cancer.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemical synthesis*
  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemistry
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology
  • Apoptosis / drug effects*
  • Breast Neoplasms
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Survival / drug effects
  • Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
  • Female
  • G2 Phase / drug effects*
  • Humans
  • Indoles / chemical synthesis*
  • Indoles / chemistry
  • Indoles / pharmacology
  • Structure-Activity Relationship
  • Xylenes / chemical synthesis*
  • Xylenes / chemistry
  • Xylenes / pharmacology

Substances

  • 1,4-bis(di(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)benzene
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Indoles
  • Xylenes