Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is rising worldwide. The increase in incidence has been most prominent in the youngest age group of childhood. Prediction of type 1a autoimmune diabetes can be established by a positive family history or by genetic, immunological or metabolic markers. Prevention of type 1 diabetes can be implemented at three different levels of pathogenesis: primary prevention in individuals without any sign of beta-cell damage, secondary prevention in individuals with signs of beta-cell destruction and tertiary prevention in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. In recent years our knowledge of the disease pathogenesis has grown quickly, and several new prevention trials have been initiated worldwide. Immunologic intervention for type 1 diabetes will prove to be probably the most effective.
MeSH terms
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Autoantibodies / blood*
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Biomarkers / blood
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / epidemiology
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / etiology*
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / genetics
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / immunology
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / metabolism
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / prevention & control*
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / virology
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Enterovirus Infections / complications
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Enterovirus Infections / prevention & control
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Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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Global Health
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Glucose Tolerance Test
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HLA-DQ Antigens
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HLA-DR Antigens
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Humans
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Hypoglycemic Agents / administration & dosage
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Immunosuppressive Agents / administration & dosage
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Immunosuppressive Agents / adverse effects
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Incidence
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Insulin / administration & dosage
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Insulin / genetics
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Insulin-Secreting Cells / drug effects
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Insulin-Secreting Cells / immunology
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Insulin-Secreting Cells / metabolism*
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Niacin / therapeutic use
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Prediabetic State / diagnosis*
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Prevalence
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Primary Prevention / methods*
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Secondary Prevention / methods*
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Tertiary Prevention / methods*
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Ultraviolet Rays
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Vitamin D / administration & dosage
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Vitamin D / immunology
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World Health Organization
Substances
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Autoantibodies
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Biomarkers
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HLA-DQ Antigens
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HLA-DR Antigens
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Hypoglycemic Agents
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Immunosuppressive Agents
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Insulin
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Vitamin D
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Niacin