The 2011 Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann and Ralph M. Steinman for their groundbreaking research within immunology. Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann were recognized for their discoveries on Toll and Toll-like receptor activation of innate immunity in fruit fly and mammals, respectively. Ralph M. Steinman received the award for the discovery of dendritic cells, a cell type bridging innate and adaptive immunity, and how these cells orchestrate immune responses.
© 2011 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.