Childhood hearing impairment is a serious and relatively common condition. The earlier childhood hearing impairment is diagnosed, the less developmentally disadvantaged children become. Newborn hearing screening (NBS) programs have been implemented in Japan. NBS is important for identifying hearing loss at an early age and for adequate intervention at an early developmental stage. According to a survey questionnaire by the Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 62% of the newborn babies were audiologically and medically examined. The average age of examinees has become younger since the beginning of NBS. Here, we summarized the NBS programs in Japan including behavioral audiometry and examinations of auditory brainstem response, auditory-steady state response, and otoacoustic emissions. NBS can lead to advantages in terms of language developmental outcome for children with hearing impairment. However, there is no sufficient support system existing for children who are advised to undergo further auditory diagnostic tests after NBS. It is necessary for government agencies, medical and educational institutions to communicate together for clarifying their responsibilities in order to support the children with hearing impairment.