Missense mutation in the amino terminus of phytochrome A disrupts the nuclear import of the photoreceptor

Plant Physiol. 2012 Jan;158(1):107-18. doi: 10.1104/pp.111.186288. Epub 2011 Oct 10.

Abstract

Phytochromes are the red/far-red photoreceptors in higher plants. Among them, phytochrome A (PHYA) is responsible for the far-red high-irradiance response and for the perception of very low amounts of light, initiating the very-low-fluence response. Here, we report a detailed physiological and molecular characterization of the phyA-5 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which displays hyposensitivity to continuous low-intensity far-red light and shows reduced very-low-fluence response and high-irradiance response. Red light-induced degradation of the mutant phyA-5 protein appears to be normal, yet higher residual amounts of phyA-5 are detected in seedlings grown under low-intensity far-red light. We show that (1) the phyA-5 mutant harbors a new missense mutation in the PHYA amino-terminal extension domain and that (2) the complex phenotype of the mutant is caused by reduced nuclear import of phyA-5 under low fluences of far-red light. We also demonstrate that impaired nuclear import of phyA-5 is brought about by weakened binding affinity of the mutant photoreceptor to nuclear import facilitators FHY1 (for FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1) and FHL (for FHY1-LIKE). Finally, we provide evidence that the signaling and degradation kinetics of constitutively nuclear-localized phyA-5 and phyA are identical. Taken together, our data show that aberrant nucleo/cytoplasmic distribution impairs light-induced degradation of this photoreceptor and that the amino-terminal extension domain mediates the formation of the FHY1/FHL/PHYA far-red-absorbing form complex, whereby it plays a role in regulating the nuclear import of phyA.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / genetics*
  • Arabidopsis / physiology
  • Arabidopsis Proteins / genetics*
  • Arabidopsis Proteins / metabolism
  • Cell Nucleus / genetics
  • Cell Nucleus / metabolism
  • Light
  • Mutation, Missense*
  • Photoreceptors, Plant / metabolism
  • Phytochrome / genetics
  • Phytochrome / metabolism
  • Phytochrome A / genetics*
  • Phytochrome A / metabolism*
  • Plants, Genetically Modified
  • Protein Stability
  • Protein Structure, Tertiary
  • Seedlings / genetics
  • Seedlings / growth & development
  • Signal Transduction
  • Transcription Factors / genetics
  • Transcription Factors / metabolism
  • Two-Hybrid System Techniques

Substances

  • Arabidopsis Proteins
  • FHL protein, Arabidopsis
  • FHY1 protein, Arabidopsis
  • PHYA protein, Arabidopsis
  • Photoreceptors, Plant
  • Phytochrome A
  • Transcription Factors
  • Phytochrome