Purpose: Fast low-angle shot (FLASH) imaging is widely used in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) because it permits fast and accurate T1 measurement in vivo. Suppression of the fat signal is necessary for most FLASH applications; otherwise, fat will appear hyperintense. The fat saturation technique is one popular method to reduce fat images on clinical scanners. However, fat saturation combined with the 3D FLASH sequence in breast DCE-MRI scans results in heavy ghosting artifacts caused by heartbeat. We used simulation and experimental scans to determine the cause of these artifact-enhancement phenomena.
Methods: We simulated imaging of motion in the x, y, and z directions, with and without fat saturation, to investigate the origin of artifacts. Fourier transform (FT) of the whole field of view was used in the simulation, and we assumed that the uniform phantom was static during one TR. The amplitude of each echo was considered a factor in the FT data. Images were reconstructed using FT data from different phantom positions multiplied by the amplitude factor. Phantom experiments and volunteer studies were implemented to verify the conclusion.
Results: Both phantom and volunteer results showed artifacts similar to those in simulation images. We found that FLASH sequence without fat saturation is insensitive to motion. Fat saturation radiofrequency pulses placed before each group of echoes disrupted the steady state of the signal amplitude and produced a low-pass filter effect that enhanced the motion artifacts.
Conclusions: We conclude that the low-pass filter effect associated with the fat saturation technique is responsible for dramatically increased motion artifacts.