A framework for the specificity of addictions

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Aug;8(8):3399-415. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8083399. Epub 2011 Aug 18.

Abstract

Research over the last two decades suggests that a wide range of substance and behavioral addictions may serve similar functions. Yet, co-occurrence of addictions has only been reported among a minority of addicts. "Addiction specificity" pertains to a phenomenon in which one pattern of addictive behaviors may be acquired whereas another is not. This paper presents the PACE model as a framework which might help explain addiction specificity. Pragmatics, attraction, communication, and expectation (PACE) variables are described, which may help give some direction to future research needs in this arena.

Keywords: PACE model; addiction specificity.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Behavior, Addictive / epidemiology
  • Behavior, Addictive / psychology*
  • Humans
  • Models, Psychological*
  • Prevalence
  • Risk Factors
  • Social Environment
  • Substance-Related Disorders / epidemiology
  • Substance-Related Disorders / psychology*