Utstein-style audit of Protocol C: a non-standard resuscitation protocol for healthcare professionals

Abstract

Introduction: International guidelines for basic life support and defibrillation are identical for lay people and healthcare professionals. In 2002, a small meeting hosted by the Resuscitation Council (UK) debated recent advances in resuscitation science, along with the possibility of more demanding procedures for treating out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) that could take advantage of the expertise available with professional use. The resulting algorithm known as Protocol C could not be tested in a randomized trial for reasons relating to consent, but was introduced by one ambulance service as an observational study. Results from a 2-year period from one city within the service area are presented, using the Utstein style of reporting to show the recommended 'comparator' group whilst also providing epidemiological data on the frequency of cardiac arrest within the community and the outcome of all resuscitation attempts.

Methods: Manual methods were used to collect data from 2009 and 2010 for cases of cardiac arrest treated by crews from the two ambulance stations within the city of Brighton and Hove. All transported patients were tracked individually through the hospital because no official method of data linkage is available. Outcome data were obtained for survival to hospital discharge, or to 30 days for the few who remained in hospital care for that duration.

Results: In the epidemiological analysis, 454 patients with OHCA were treated over 2 years, of whom 151 (33%) had sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at hospital handover and 59 (13%) survived to discharge or for 30 days. Within the 'comparator' group of 79 patients, 47 (59%) achieved sustained ROSC to hospital handover and 24 (30%) survived.

Conclusion: The use of Protocol C has been associated with rates of sustained ROSC to hospital and of survival to discharge that have reached the range of international best practice. The improvement noted in this observational study cannot be ascribed to the new protocol alone; any wider use should await randomized trials to test the impact of this single variable. Meanwhile, wider adoption of the Utstein system to compare results for treatment of OHCA will provide a potent stimulus for emergency services to seek ways of improving outcome.